Diamond clue to comet 'that wiped out a people'

Tiny diamonds in the soil are proof that a fiery comet crashed to Earth 13,000 years ago and helped wipe out the earliest people in North America, scientists believe.

According to their controversial research, the crash caused the extinction of dozens of species, such as the woolly mammoth, and triggered a 1,300-year ice age that stretched around the world.

And the prehistoric hunters and gatherers in the region, known as the Clovis culture, vanished almost overnight in the aftermath.

Microscopic diamonds, so small they are barely visible in an electron microscope, are said to support their theory.

These nano-diamonds, found a few feet underground at several North American locations, including one directly on top of a Clovis site in Murray Springs, Arizona, were formed under high-temperature, high-pressure conditions created by a cosmic explosion, the researchers say.

A 'rare swarm' of comets rained fire over the entire region and melted a glacier that once covered the Great Lakes area, sending a massive flood down the Mississippi River, the researchers found.

The waves of water caused changes in the Atlantic which ushered in the ice age known as the Younger Dryas.

The comet would have hit about 65million years after the larger collision which killed off the dinosaurs.

Geophysicist Allen West, one of the paper's co-authors, said: 'Imagine these fireballs exploding in the air.

A Clovis hunter standing and looking at these things would have seen a canopy of fire as these things came in and exploded.

'There would have been no sound. There would have been massive explosions. Brilliant light, brighter than the sun.

'There would have been radiant heat. It would have been capable, at the very least, of giving him serious burns and, at the maximum, of incinerating him,' he told the Washington Post.
Douglas Kennett

Among the 35 species of mammals said to have been made extinct by the comet strike were mammoths, mastodons, sabre-toothed tigers, ground sloths, American camels, the short-faced bear, the giant beaver and the American lion.

The study was conducted by archaeologists and geologists from the universities of Oregon, California, Northern Arizona, Oklahoma and DePaul.

Their findings were published yesterday in the journal Nature.

Archaeologist Douglas Kennett, of the University of Oregon, said: 'These discoveries provide strong evidence for a cosmic impact event at approximately 12,900 years ago that would have had enormous environmental consequences for plants, animals and humans.'

However, critics believe the evidence was insufficient to blame the Earth's changes on a comet crash. They say the explosion would have left a crater of some kind.

Other sites studied included some in Oklahoma, Michigan, South Carolina, and in the Canadian province of Alberta.

Read more "Diamond clue to comet 'that wiped out a people'..."

Your unborn baby cast in bronze ... it's the new foetal attraction

A clinic is offering mothers bronze models of their unborn babies.

The London Ultrasound Centre, near Harley Street, is the first in the country to offer the service, which allows parents to 'celebrate' their babies in the womb.

A 3D printer uses ultrasound images to build a cast of the child. The models cost £1,200, take up to two-and-a-half weeks to make, and are created when the mother is at a safe stage of pregnancy at 24 weeks.

Doctors say the technology could also help improve survival rates for sick babies.

Accurate casts of birth defects could be taken in the womb then studied by surgeons before they operate.

The London Ultrasound Centre is headed by Darryl Maxwell, director of foetal medicine at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS trust, and Peter Demetris.

Mr Demetris told the Evening Standard the clinic is looking at a medical application for the baby-in-the-womb moulds.

He said: 'This is like taking a normal 3D picture, except our machine measures the volume of that image so it can create a model. The models are made at a safe stage of pregnancy when the baby is fully formed and starting to put on weight. It's amazing when the child is born because it's like you have met them already.

'We also have had parents whose babies have genetic conditions which means they may not survive. Having a memento of their child helps with the bereavement process.'

The 3D printer is normally used in industry to make car parts. The images from the mother's ultrasound scan are fed into the machine, which creates the model based on the measurements.

Instead of ink, the printer uses a special dust which is built up layer by layer. An adhesive glues these layers together to form an accurate cast of the unborn baby. This mould is then used to make the bronze.

Artist Nic Jackson, 35, had a cast made of her daughter Belle, now aged one.

Ms Jackson, from north London, works for Cavendish Imaging, which has also been involved in the project.

She said: 'I had my own bronze made because I thought it would be a lovely and artistic way of celebrating Belle. It's amazing to see the model and then look at her now.'

This is the latest service for expectant couples to 'celebrate' their baby in the womb.

Other innovations by clinics include high-definition foetal scans which can be downloaded to iPods or mobile phones and shared with families and friends.

Read more "Your unborn baby cast in bronze ... it's the new foetal attraction..."